European union competition law practice and implementation Essay

European union competition law practice and implementation - Essay Example European competition law has been developed over the years to overcome these fears and provide legal guidelines for fair implementation of business practices. The European Union authority believes that open competition in Europe is important as it results in lower prices and also increases the choice for consumers across Europe. Competition within European Union is regulated by the European Commission, along with national competition Authorities. (Goyder : 2003). A fair set of norms has been evolved to include action to be taken against business practices which restrict competition, monitor mergers to ensure that these are not designed to reduce fairness and open competition in previously state run monopolies.(Lowe : 2004) The European Union has set out a very transparent competition policy, which is easily accessible. This paper attempts to examine the issues set forth in the European Competition policy as it affects growth of monopolies particularly that of public service providers. Services of general economic interest have been identified as those market services which discharge broad interest tasks and are therefore subject to specific obligations related to public service in respective member states. These services need to be of a universal nature such as postal and telecommunications services. It is therefore essential that these function effectively to provide continuous and responsive facilities to the community. These also have to be at an affordable price. Thus Article 16 of the Treaty has specified that these services, "Without prejudice to Articles 73, 86 and 87, and given the place occupied by services of general economic interest in the shared values of the Union as well as their role in promoting social and territorial cohesion, the Community and the Member States, each within their respective powers and within the scope of application of this Treaty, shall take care that such services operate on the basis of principles and conditions which enable them to fulfill their missions." The European Commission has a duty to ensure that these services are supported and duly fostered and that these are not subjected to the likely impact of markets which are open to competition and thus which act beyond the purview of public interest. (Whish: 2003). The European Commission has three main objectives which govern the functioning of the services of general economic interest these are to ensure that these function efficiently, that those which are not within the purview of SGEIs are not classified as such and that it does not have any adverse impact on markets which are open to competition but out side the ambit of public services. (Non Paper : 2002). Classification of the SGEIs has to be made very carefully to ensure when applied to services which are operated by private operators these are intended to meet an individual's general requirements and not a specific category of consumer. There has been a monetary ceiling which has since been laid down of payments of up to 30

Opportunities & Threats in Gold & Oil Investments Research Paper

Opportunities & Threats in Gold & Oil Investments - Research Paper Example According to the research findings with the ever increasing uncertainties regarding the overall global economic and fiscal outlook, the investment strategies have also experienced some major changes. It is actually belief and confidence of the people that changes as the time and situation changes. As a result, the real value of the investment changes with the perception of the people. The real worth or substance remains the same, however, the other party to the transaction perceives it to be either on a higher side, lower side or at a stable level. In short, the substance of the investment remains the same but what actually changes is the worth of that investment in the eyes of other person as per his/her perception, belief and confidence. The change in the perception of the people leads to the change in the worth of the investment as a result the investors actually face a risk that their investments can experience significant fluctuations associated with the unpredictable behavior o f the people. Over the years, there have been different patterns and trends that represent the psyche of the people regarding the riskiness of different types of investments. From bonds to stocks, commodities to metals, currencies to real estates, each different class has different sorts of risks associated with it. The risk appetite of individual investors also varies which in turn contributes significantly in the variation of the values of the investments. (Fabozzi, Gupta & Markowitz, 2002). The above mentioned asset classes can be broadly split into two categories namely as paper money investment and real substance based investment. For instance, currencies, bonds, stocks are considered as paper money as the investor ultimately do not acquire a physical substance or matter when he or she purchases investment. For example, by buying some shares of a company cannot actually allow a common stockholder towards entitling a specific asset of the company. Similarly the bonds or other pa per money instruments do not allow entitlement to the investors on a particular asset of the issuer of that instrument. On the other hand, the non-paper money instruments provide a possession of the investment in the form of goods, property or any other physical substance. The term â€Å"physical delivery† for these kinds of investments is vastly associated as they entitle the investor for the taking the actual physical delivery of the form of their goods (Shefrin & Statman, 2000). For instance, in case of metals, gold, silver or platinum, the physical delivery is possible and the investor can keep the possession of the metals with himself. Similarly, in case of real estate property, the investor can actually take the possession of a particular property after transferring the property documents. The above two categories of investments have some specific risks associated with them due to which the non-paper money based investments are considered as safe heavens for the investo rs as the investor enjoys the possession of those investments and later on can make the use of those goods for his/her personal needs unlike paper money investments which are intended to be returned to other investors or the issuers of those investments because they cannot be used for personal needs. On the basis of usage or consumption as well as holding the possession of those investments, this particular assignment deals with the opportunities and threats that rest with the investments that are movable in nature (FinanceSpain, 2012). Particularly the investment in gold and oil are highlighted in the discussion. Gold is a precious metal which is the most highly recognized and consumed metal especially used in the jewelry and ornaments. Oil is the commodity which is used as an energy resource for varieties of different purposes. Both of these investment classes have distinct opportunities and threats which are discussed separately in further sections. The first section emphasizes o n the opportunities

Looking at Two Paintings in the Boulder Public Library :: Personal Narrative Writing

Looking at Two Paintings in the Boulder Public Library I love to kill time. It was once said by a wise man that the one thing we’re all given an equal amount of is time, and how we use this time is what will ultimately determine the course of our lives. These days, there are plenty of instructions for those who are still unsure how to use time. â€Å"We need revision .02 living with upgraded busyness. So download the latest groupware and be sure to e-wire all those efforts to the 5 to 9 and 27/4 multitaskers.† At least it’s something like that, I can ususally pay attention until they start in with the math. At any rate, it’s needless to say that instead of working late to pay for a bigger roof, I prefer to leave early and catch the setting sun. Instead of spending Saturday morning taped to a desk, I prefer to wander the wide aisles of the local library, where coincidentally, this paper takes place. A library is like a compact, concrete garden of the globe. Where all the world’s diverse words are arranged by their type and placed in orderly rows. Now, Boulder is known somewhat for its diversity, and the library doesn’t stick out here for that reason. It’s more like the official logo stamped on the place, the swoosh under the Nike lettering. Here it was that wandering round the bookstacks, I came to a section of wall that had two paintings on it. They were both painted by the same two people, Leo and Diane Dillon, in the same year, 1978. Having paid the bills, and stocked the fridge some weeks previous, I was pleased to realize I had a little time to kill and could afford a closer look. The first painting, the one on the left, is entitled â€Å"Owl Woman†. The woman is sitting against an orange backdrop in a wide, deep brown dress that flows off the lower left hand corner of the painting. On her right hand is a rough leather glove, where perches a little orange and white owl. Her left hand is ungloved and is nestled in her lap. Worn around her head and down her shoulders all the way until it seems to be perched in her lap is the semi-transparent image of a gigantic owl. The owl’s head itself is not transparent, and is worn over the woman’s head like a snug bonnet. The woman’s face is clearly visible.

Strategic Operations Issues

STRATEGIC OPERATIONS ISSUES Elizabeth Kelly ABSTRACT This paper identifies an operational issue of a national food-chain. The problem is identified with the demonstration of the functional relationships and process flow analysis. With the use of concepts of operations and process management, the problem is analyzed and methods sought to provide recommendations and an implementation plan. TABLE OF CONTENTS Background of Hi-Lo Food Stores†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5 Problem Identification†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Background of the LINX Operating System†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Analysis using Concepts†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7Recommendation and Implementation Plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 11 BACKGROUND OF HI-LO FOOD STORES Hi-Lo Food Stores is a supermarket chain operating in Trinidad since 1950. With 17 outlets spread throughout the length and breadth of the country, Hi-Lo Food Stores employs over 1800 employees. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION At Hi-Lo Food Stores, which is considered a mass service process type (Slack et al, pg. 114) customers are afforded the option of different payment methods. Payment methods include cash, credit cards and debit cards.In an effort to continue to provide better options for settling of payments to merchants and customers alike, the company Infolink was formed. Infolink is a joint venture company owned by the four commercial banks of Trinidad and Tobago whose focus is to provide state of the art financial transaction-switching technology by way of debit card payment. In recent times, it has been observed that on peak commercial periods, Hi-Lo Food Stores terminals have not been able to process debit card payments. The message ‘No Communication Field’ is generated when debit card transactions cannot be processed.The customer is either forced to use a credit card or use cash. The nature of the business of Hi-Lo Food Stores would in some instances cause for a large sum of money at the check-out terminal. Customers, who do not have a credit card facility available, are then forced to leave their merchandise at the store and locate an Automated Banking Machine (ABM) to withdraw cash and then return to the store to complete the transaction. Hi-Lo Food Stores is then faced with the issue of storing in a secure manner those items selected and already bagged for the prospective customer and can only be delivered until payment is tendered.This then causes a storage issue since these items are usually placed at the termina l the customer was accommodated at. Sub-issues of pilfering and bottlenecking of check-out counters have also been evident. The second issue arises when the customer does not return for reasons such as, no ABM facility within range of Hi-Lo, and then causes the customer to leave to a more convenient supermarket. This leaves Hi-Lo with spoilage and re-stocking of the items already held at the terminals. Customer dissatisfaction sets in and an erosion of brand loyalty occurs.The impact on Hi-Lo Food Stores can then be summarized to include increased check-out times at terminals, customer dissatisfaction and decreased sales. BACKGROUND OF THE LINX OPERATING SYSTEM In 1992 saw the advent of the LINX shopping experience to Trinidad and Tobago. Infolink Services Limited is the facilitator of the LINX Network where debit cards from any commercial bank in Trinidad and Tobago would be processed at all Automated Banking Machines (ABMs) regardless of the commercial bank the customer so belonge d.This system led the way for merchants to employ the LINX Network at their Point-of-Sale terminals thus allowing debit cards issued at any commercial bank in Infolink’s Accredited Partners to be accepted at these participating merchants. While the LINX system proved seamless during its pilot project phase of operations, in recent times as the service became more widely accepted by the general public, LINX seemed to be unable to manage the demand of merchants. Evidence has not been offered on the number of transactions over a structured period, in order to ascertain the workload capacity of the Infolink Services Limited’s system.As the writer has evidenced at Hi-Lo Food Stores, the debit card payment system seemed unable to handle the workload during peak periods of demand. ANALYSIS USING CONCEPTS The use of technology to supersede traditional methods of payment can be seen to deliver great advantages and benefits to Hi-Lo Food Stores. The process design of the debit c ard system in its conception can be seen to provide great advantages to the mass service process type. This payment method can be seen as an internally supportive method of increasing operations capabilities.For example, in times prior to the LINX operations, Hi-Lo Food Stores terminal processing time was generally a longer process. This could have been caused by the customer having to present a personal cheque for payment along with a cheque guarantee card, if applicable. The second step would be for the cashier to examine both card and cheque for validity. In instances where the cheque was written in excess of the card guarantee amount, a supervisor would then be referred to for authorization.A process that would guarantee a longer turnaround time than the now widely used LINX service, debit card payment option. In analysis of the process however, we must measure the impact of the unreliability of the service and how it causes delays and decreased outputs. These delays then impact on the cycle time at checkout counters. In carrying out a process analysis, it is obvious that the LINX operating system has a process capacity which has not yet been determined. In identifying the system’s capacity, resources may be input into the process for improved reliability and performance.As can be seen the debit card payment system when effective can have a positive strategic impact on operations performance objectives. By firstly, impacting on the speed by which customers is processed at check-out terminals. When you have a quick turnover time you reduce the traffic and congestion in the supermarket which can result in breakage and accidents. Secondly, the LINX system has impacted on flexibility by allowing the customer the option of choosing a more direct form of payment as opposed to credit cards.Dependability can be seen as a performance objective where the system can be relied upon. The above performance objectives, speed, flexibility and dependability have bee n negatively impacted on as the debit card system has become unreliable during peak operating times as such the issues Hi-Lo has experienced relates to its inefficiency of its customer experience, its quality of service is risked, thus losing the trust and loyalty of some customers. RECOMMENDATIONS AND IMPLEMENTATION PLANIt is the writer’s recommendation that an immediate sourcing of an Automated Banking Machine (ABM) be allocated to all branches. This ABM facility will give the customer the ability to exact cash to the check-out terminal without leaving the premises. The ABM facility will have the effect of speeding up turnaround time at terminals for payment. The added advantage of the facility not only being available to check-out customers but the facility will encourage more traffic with customers who may need just the convenience of an ABM facility.The ABM facility will be strategically placed in an area just after the bank of check out tellers, but away from the main e ntrance point. This would force the person who came for the convenience of the ABM facility only to line up, surrounded by small convenient items that may encourage purchasing of candy, gum, magazines etc. In the hopes of a long term resolution, Hi-Lo Food Stores conduct a process design-analysis. This analysis will determine the throughput time and impact upon the flow rate of customers by measuring the number of successful or unsuccessful attempts using the debit card system.In conducting this analysis, list the customers alternate payment method used and whether immediate payment was affected. The system of process mapping can assess the processes for example, Hi-Lo Food stores must also account for those customers who are inconvenienced by having to visit an ABM to use cash as a payment method. List those persons who in fact will follow through and complete the transactions as against those persons who find it far too inconvenient to return to Hi-Lo.With the use of this data, Hi -Lo food stores will then be able to account for manpower used at the terminal for processing a void transaction, storage of items, spoilage of perishable items which may occur and hours of duty time spent re-stocking. Finally, Hi-Lo in conjunction with Infolink needs to formalize a structured plan of action to implement a larger capacity for processing of debit card transactions, and for Hi-Lo to ascertain its feasibility. ACTIVITY| TIME| OWNERSHIP/RESPONSIBILITY| 1. 1 Source a consultant | 2 weeks| IT Department| 2. 1 Identify number of transactions incomplete| 6 weeks| IT Department| 2. Identify time periods for ‘down’ time| 6 weeks| IT Department| 3. 1 Identify source of problem| 1 week| Consultant| 4. 1 Make recommendations| 2 weeks| Consultant| 5. 1 Implement changes and test| 6 weeks| IT Department| 6. 1 Gather feedback from customer| 2 weeks| Marketing Department| 7. 1 Make further recommendations| 1 week | Consultant| 8. 1 Implement and test| 3 weeks| IT Depart ment| | | | REFERENCES Slack, N & Chambers, S & Johnston, R & Betts, A 2009, Operations and Process Management, Principles and Practice for Strategic Impact, 2nd edn

The Relationship Between Finance and Accounting Essay

Although finance and accounting are both involved with the financial aspect of a business or organization, the managers and employees in these departments deal with finances in completely different ways. Accounting deals mainly with preparing and examining financial records and ensuring their accuracy, making sure taxes are paid on time and properly, and assessing financial operations to help ensure that organizations run efficiently. On the other hand, finance deals primarily with making important financial decisions for an organization and helping â€Å"develop strategies and plans for the long-term financial goals of an organization† (Financial Managers 2012). It is also important to note that financial managers use the financial information†¦show more content†¦However, financial managers depend heavily on the financial reports and other financial information organized by the accounting department in order to make sound decisions that will hopefully keep their hea lth care organization running effectively and efficiently and continue financial viablility within its community. Since accounting and finance do both deal with the financial position of a health care organization, in many smaller businesses with narrow portfolios of management skills, the same person is usually the financial and accounting manager. However, in larger businesses, these roles are held by separate managers and/or groups of finance and accounting employees (Jana Kajanovà ¡ 2006). Secondly, even though finance and accounting deal with the financial aspect of a health care organization in relatively different ways, they are still both very important to the continued financial viability of an organization. The financial viability of an organization â€Å"requires the receipt of funds in amounts sufficient to meet their financial requirements† (Cleverley, J.O., Cleverley, W.O., Song, P.H. 2011), which calls for finance and accounting departments to both run effectively and efficiently. For example, â€Å"deciding which capital projects will be undertaken is not an easy task; the allocation of limited resources to specific project areas directly affects the efficiency and effectiveness and, ultimately,Show MoreRelatedRelationship Between Business And Finance And Accounting779 Words   |  4 PagesIn the world-at-large, Finance and Accounting are often erroneously linked together. As if to say, they are one-and-the-same – a sort of a misnomer, you c an say. In conversations concerning both disciplines, the colloquial marriage of both business sectors is as common place as light is to the day. It is true, that to successfully manage a business, both principles must be applied in equilibrium to replicate success in any organized venture; however, their differences are highlighted in trainingRead MoreDetermining Financial Viability699 Words   |  3 PagesDetermining Financial Viability Accounting and finance are closely related to a certain extent in which both deal with the financial aspects of a company. Accounting and finance work together in creating â€Å"a company’s budget or working capital analysis† (Wise-Geek, 2012, p. 1). 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The principles of accounting organize and prepareRead MoreSignificance of Managerial Accounting776 Words   |  3 PagesManagerial accounting and its significance Introduction In the professional education of today, which is inclusive of management accounting education, the universities and colleges are finding problems. The learning institutions have limited resources and also have incapability in making sure students graduate with the necessary knowledge and skill. These two elements are fundamental for the graduates future career decisions. The title managerial accounting has much to do with nurturing accountantsRead More Accounting and Finance Essay1542 Words   |  7 Pagescommunicate its results and position to stakeholders, which is why accounting has come to be known as the language of business. Accounting is really the means for providing financial information to others. Financial analyst then take the data the accountants have compiled in the form of reports, and make educated guesses at what their company should do next. David ballast (1996) stated, The fact remains that accounting and finance are the primary tools for reducing business prob lems and opportunitiesRead MoreThe Timeliness Of Corporate Reporting : A Comparative Study Of South Asia1031 Words   |  5 Pagescomparative study of South Asia. Advances in International Accounting, 16, pp.17-43. [2] Ajinkya, B. and Gift, M. (1985). Dispersion of Financial Analysts Earnings Forecasts and the (Option Model) Implied Standard Deviations of Stock Returns. The Journal of Finance, 40(5), p.1353. [3] Alford, A. and Berger, P. (1999). A Simultaneous Equations Analysis of Forecast Accuracy, Analyst Following, and Trading Volume. Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance, 14(3), pp.219–240. 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Each department still has their own system specifically geared to perform their own tasks, i.e. human resources maintain employee records, finance and accounting view cash requirements, purchasing personnel maintainRead MorePopulation Analysis843 Words   |  4 PagesResearch Modeling The current study begin causal relationship between variables so researcher attempted explanatory research design to highlighting on studying a condition or a problem in order to describe the relationships between Working capital management and financial performance, Investment decision, and financial performance, financial decision, and financial performance, accounting information system and financial performance and accounting reporting analysis and financial performance. This

Why I Am An Engineer - 907 Words

1. Choosing to be an Engineer was one of the easiest choices I’ve had to make in my life. I’ve grown up being told engineering is one of the best majors to have. My mom is a mechanical engineer and since day one she’s been helping me develop skills and knowledge that engineers have. I remember being in kindergarten and my mom would sit me down at the kitchen table at my grandma’s house and she taught me basic algebra. She taught me how to think critically and problem solve. She helped me in all my academic courses, and taught me math from 6th grade trough my junior year in high school. Majoring in engineering was never a question, what type was always the big question. When I was fourteen I underwent a few extensive surgeries. All though the surgeries weren’t fun to experience it peaked my interest in how the body self heals. The idea of becoming a doctor quickly crossed my mind. Junior year after my most recent surgery I came across Utah State†™s engineering programs and learned of biological engineering. It seemed to fit me best. It is the perfect undergraduate degree. It has plenty of science, my favorite subject; easy path for pre-health, if I so desire to take that route; and it is a form of engineering, the best major to have. I never had resistance in becoming an engineer, if anything I had pressure to become one. It was never bad pressure, it was the kind I need and appreciate from my family, teachers, and friends. They helped me recognize my natural abilities andShow MoreRelatedWhy I Am An Engineer1576 Words   |  7 Pagesa vast field of opportunities. The buildings we work at, the cars we drive, the technology we use have all been made possible by the work of engineers. That is the main reason why I desire to be an engineer. I want to work in a field that I will be able to make a difference and have a job that am proud of and still enjoy. The first engineering class that I attended was quite surprising. My perception of engineering had always been of technical equations and solving complex issues. This class on theRead MoreWhy I Am An Engineer926 Words   |  4 Pagesproblem-solving skills. I, Bhaskar Nayak am an Engineer in Information Science from Sapthagiri College of Engineering, a reputed institution under Visvesvaraya Technological University. I am applying for the admission to Master’s program in Business Intelligence and Analytics. The goal to pursue a career in the field of business has always been part of my plans since my early teen years. I believe that the interest I possess leads to continuous learning process. As an Engineer with work experience,Read MoreIndustrial Engineer Essay1650 Words   |  7 PagesWhere would you be without industrial engineers? You probably do not even know what an Industrial engineer does. 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The Prevention Of Hiv / Aids - 1772 Words

There are many blood borne viruses, which produce financial penalties and which can differ in their consequence depending on locality (Bell, Selby, McMickens, 2011). Some are Hepatitis B and C, syphilis, chlamydia and HIV/AIDs just to name a few. This report will focus on the HIV/AIDs virus. HIV is a deliberate retrovirus, meaning that not merely does it take months to display any signs but then can also take years to mature fully (Bell, et. al, 2011). The virus attacks the white cells by replicating itself in reverse inside them. The white cells are the cells, which would normally yield anti-bodies to assist the body s resistance against infection (Hunter Hunter, 2014). It is therefore simply spread by biological interaction and†¦show more content†¦Economic significances of HIV/AIDs are:  · The expenses of backing research  · The price of immunisations  · The forfeiture of individuals of employed to the community  · Loss of salary due to condensed efficiency lead ing also to declining Gross National Product  · Individual hardship - loss of the main source of income. (Barlow, 2011) Where did the virus originate? The virus originated in sub-Saharan Africa, passing over from a troop of chimpanzees to individuals in the 1930 s this might have been from contaminated meat or a bite from a pet (Rogstad, 2011). A mixture of worldwide travel, suburbanisation, contaminated body fluid, sexual promiscuity and intravenous drug use (IDU) may have produced a mounting pandemic (Rogstad, 2011). HIV/AIDs was first seen in the human populace in considerable figures in San Francisco in the USA (Rogstad, 2011). In San Francisco HIV/AIDs was considered as the Gay Plague as it was frequently found amongst homosexuals (Rogstad, 2011). This prohibited the heterosexual community from regarding it seriously or ever bearing in mind they could be at jeopardy (Rogstad, 2011). Paralleling Nations The worst, effected by far, is the sub-Saharan district of Africa being home to 24.7 million individuals existing with the HIV/AIDs virus. About 1.5 million new contaminations transpired there in 2013 (Case, Hallett, Gregson,